Several putative calpain cleavage sites within the ataxin-3 protein were identified [ 28, 29, 65, 74], accounting for the generation of a C-terminal polyQ-containing and aggregation-prone fragment [ 33].
We co-expressed huntingtin exon1 Q138, an aggregation-prone fragment of huntingtin protein (18), as a mRFP fusion protein, eGFP-mito, localized to mitochondria, and PSCFP2-NXF1, an mRNA nuclear export factor (19), together in NIH 3T3 mouse cells for 24 hours.
Furthermore, the aggregation-prone fragments can impair neurite growth during neuronal differentiation.
In addition, the aggregation-prone fragments can impair neurite growth during neuronal differentiation.
In this study, we have focused on aggregation-prone fragments of AR (ARN127) and Htt (Htt exon 1), identifying amino acids 1 50 (N50) of ARN127 and 1 14 (N14) of Htt exon1 as regions that influence polyglutamine-dependent aggregation.
Furthermore, when cotransfected with the full-length TDP-43, the aggregation-prone fragments induced aggregation of the full-length TDP-43 and reduced the diffused TDP-43 staining in the nucleus (Fig. 11B).
The number of aggregation-prone fragments and their associated areas are lower in periplasmic proteins, suggesting that despite having a content of aggregation-prone residues similar to that of cytosolic proteins, these residues are differently arranged in the sequence (Figure 9).
In contrast, in cells transfected with the aggregation-prone fragments, the endogenous TDP-43 was detected in the aggregates (Fig. 10A, #2, 3, 4, 6 and 7, arrows) but was reduced in the nucleus (Fig. 10A, #2, 3, 4, 6 and 7, compare the nuclei pointed with filled arrowheads with those with open arrowheads).
This temporal response to proteasome inhibition strongly supports the notion that the accumulation of SUb proteins, if not resolved, could be one of the critical events triggering caspase activation that mediates TAU cleavage and generates aggregation-prone fragments of TAU.
The physical world is also unreliable and prone to fragment.
He thinks it more likely that big and small stars form in different kinds of environments: the former in massive clouds of turbulent gas and dust, which are prone to fragment into multiple stars, and the latter in smaller, more quiescent clouds that stay in one piece and form just one star.
