The lower the attenuation factor, the higher the measurement error in the error-prone exposure variable.
The error-prone exposure – visit 1 fatty acid intake (1987 89) – was available for 7,814 subjects 50 years or older at baseline with complete data on cognitive decline between visits 2 (1990–92) and 4 (1996–98).
Provided that a set of reasonable assumptions are met, this technique yields an approximately unbiased estimate of the effect of exposure on disease, with associated standard error estimates that fully account for the true uncertainty inherent in estimating health effects from error-prone exposure data.
If one builds a model such as the integrated exposure uptake biokinetic model carefully, using essentially error-free lead exposure data, and applies this model in a different data set with error-prone exposures, the complex mechanistic model will almost certainly do a poor job of prediction, especially of extremes.
Therefore, we recognize that the estimated cumulative exposures we used in the present study are prone to exposure misclassification, and the results based on these metrics of exposure should be interpreted with caution.
In contrast, studies that relied on central monitors [ 27, 28] or interpolations from central monitors to highways are prone to exposure misclassification because individuals living close to highways will have a higher exposure than the general area.
As investors in Bernie Madoff's funds found out to their cost, frauds are more prone to exposure in a weak economy when it becomes clear who has been swimming naked.
Since plants are stationary having large size and high leaf area, they are prone to exposure to a wide range of nanoparticles available in their surrounding environment [39].
Internet-based covert communications provide sources the opportunity to hide in plain sight, using innocuous seeming websites — but the systems are inherently less secure and prone to exposure, especially in placed where the internet is heavily surveilled.
However, because air pollution concentrations are highly variable within communities, this approach is prone to exposure misclassification.
First, this method is prone to exposure misclassification such as recall bias, under-reporting or concealment of smoking, which might be due to awareness of numerous negative health effects for children exposed to tobacco smoke in utero [ 3, 9].
