But in some circumstances retroactive application may prompt difficulties of a practical sort.
The case could prompt major difficulties for the city at a time it faces a nearly $4 billion budget gap.
Six recommendations are prompted by difficulties experienced exporting, importing and using data in the TMA DES format.
Further diagnostic tests prompted by difficulties in interpreting the mammogram were performed to an extent of 0.19 per mammography examination in the radiotherapy group and of 0.15 in the non-radiotherapy group, i.e. 1.3 times more often.
Separation was 4.31, meaning four prompt difficulty could be separated into four groups.
First, we found statistically significant but minor differences in prompt difficulty.
Overlaps of these CIs indicate the following order of prompt difficulty, Prompt 2 > Prompt 1 > Prompts 3 and 4, with Prompt 2 being the most difficult prompt.
We investigate this from three perspectives: (a) differences in Criterion® holistic scores due to prompts (prompt difficulty), (b) relationships between Criterion® holistic scores and indicators of L2 proficiency, and (c) longitudinal changes in Criterion® holistic and writing quality scores.
This score change may appear small but is much larger than differences in prompt difficulty (i.e., 0.15 difference of Prompts 2 and 4) and thus indicates substantive improvement beyond measurement errors.
Further, our methodological approach, namely, investigation into prompt difficulty using Rasch analysis and longitudinal examination using multilevel modeling would be helpful for other similar studies and arguably the strength of our study.
Table 3 shows Observed averages, that is, the means of the raw scores of each prompt, whereas Measures show prompt difficulty values on the Rasch logit scale (with the mean of 0 and with positive values indicating more difficult prompts) after the Rasch model took participants' ability into account.
