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However, although the ERK pathway clearly regulates the activity of proteins that promote or inhibit apoptosis in sympathetic neurons, such as Bim and CREB, it appears to have a more minor role than the PI3K-Akt pathway in promoting sympathetic neuron survival in the presence of NGF.
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Also, the orexin system is known to promote sympathetic vasomotor activity of the cardiovascular system, thereby elevating blood pressure20.
Innervation and vascular remodeling effects required BMP8b signaling through the adipocytes to 1) secrete neuregulin-4 (NRG4), which promotes sympathetic axon growth and branching in vitro, and 2) induce a pro-angiogenic transcriptional and secretory profile that promotes vascular sprouting.
In a new explant culture system designed to emulate entubulation repair of transected peripheral nerves, GGF2 concentrations greater than necessary to saturate the mitotic response induce the secretion by Schwann cells of activities that promote sympathetic neuron survival and outgrowth.
In addition, leptin may promote sympathetic activity via direct, non-neural pathways.
In this study, our results showed that GDNF also effectively promoted sympathetic innervation into transplanted engineered cardiomyocyte sheets in vivo.
Higher orexinergic activity promotes sympathetic nervous tone and activity of the appetite-stimulating neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons of the arcuate nucleus.
The ability of proNGF to promote sympathetic neurite growth begins at birth and increases markedly in magnitude during early postnatal development.
Miwa and collaborators demonstrated that GDNF promotes sympathetic innervation in both native cardiac cells as well as stem cell-derived cardiac cells, with enhanced abnormal sympathetic innervation in pathological conditions such as myocardial infarction or heart transplantation due to sympathetic "nerve sprouting" as well as disordered reinnervation [ 44].
The first of these takes a daring, vertiginous swerve near the end, promoting its sympathetic sidekick into the protagonist.
Kisiswa, L. et al. TNFα reverse signaling promotes sympathetic axon growth and target innervation.
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