Many proteins produced by Bacillus species isolated from extreme environments have been utilized for industrial purposes, as these extreme environments often promote evolution of unique protein properties.
Consequently, one function of low efficiency RIP might be to promote evolution of repeat sequences [26], [47], while high mutagenesis and transcriptional silencing add extra strength to genome defence in N. crassa.
In plants, production of a variety of resistance genes to pathogens is promoted through shuffling of sets of resistance genes [57], and in the fungus L. maculans, RIP could promote evolution of an avr gene located in a gene desert heavily subjected to RIP [45].
Previous theory suggests that spatial structure can promote evolution of cooperation, but the diffusion of public goods introduces new phenomena that must be modeled explicitly.
One possibility is that multicellularity promotes evolution of regulatory complexity and gene family expansion (Vogel and Chothia 2006; Taft et al. 2007; Lang et al. 2010).
In sub-Saharan Africa, presumptive treatment with ACT may soon become the norm; this drug-use practice may similarly promote evolution of resistance.
Extracellular acidosis is a frequent feature of the microenvironment in solid tumors, and acidosis is considered one of the major selective forces that promote evolution of aggressive and drug-resistant tumor clones [ 1].
In turn, systemic inflammation promotes evolution of cardiovascular disease, and an association between systemic inflammation and increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality has been documented in patients with COPD.
It should be noted that, although not considered in our model, horizontal gene transfer could also promote evolution of altruistic suicide by increasing phenotypic relatedness between neighboring hosts [ 61].
