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A little over a decade ago, scientists discovered that narcolepsy, the neurological disorder that leads to episodes of irresistible sleepiness, is caused by the loss of brain cells that produce hypocretin, a neurotransmitter that promotes wakefulness.
Nacrolepsy is caused by the loss of neurons in the hypothalamus that specialize in the production of a hormone known as hypocretin (also known as orexin), which promotes wakefulness.
In a recent commentary in the journal Nature, two Cambridge University researchers reported that about a dozen of their colleagues had admitted to regular use of prescription drugs like Adderall, a stimulant, and Provigil, which promotes wakefulness, to improve their academic performance.
Although many animal and human studies have been performed, the exact mechanisms of action whereby modafinil promotes wakefulness are still not completely understood.
These findings in rats indicate that the corticotropin-releasing factor CRF1 receptor antagonist R278995/CRA0450 is centrally active under standard conditions as it inhibits REM sleep and promotes wakefulness.
On the other hand, a drug that blocks receptors for orexin, a hormone that promotes wakefulness, reduced plaque formation in the same strain of mice, the team reports online today in Science.
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Orexin neurotransmitters, first identified fifteen years ago, promote wakefulness.
Scientists know that a small set of hypothalamus neurons secrete hypocretin, activating brain circuits to promote wakefulness.
Other studies have shown that vitamin B12 can affect melatonin levels, promoting wakefulness.
JetBlue has a program to promote wakefulness in its pilots, created jointly with Alertness Solutions, that diagnoses their sleeping styles and helps them make adjustments.
When coffee was first introduced in Europe from the Arabian peninsula, its physiological effects were indeed reckoned to be profound, but while contemporaries recognized that it promoted wakefulness, they were at odds about what other effects it had on body and mind.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com