They held to a far more liberal understanding of Jewish ritual law and were loath to promote schisms within their communities.
But this independent political activism on the left raised the spectre of 1793 for the Directory, and in turn it closed down the Neo-Jacobin clubs and newspapers, warned citizens against voting for "anarchists" in the elections of 1798, and promoted schisms in electoral assemblies when voters spurned this advice.
By Milton's time, further schisms had emerged.
The ailing pope, who turns 81 this month, wants to use his trip to promote reconciliation with Eastern Orthodox churches -- his personal mission to end a schism dating to 1054.
New York Times columnist Ross Douthat, a Catholic and a conservative, crystallized the peril in an Oct. 25 column warning the pope not to "break the church" to promote his goals, saying that if Francis continues to alienate conservative Catholics it could lead to "a real schism".
" Promote, promote, promote!
The fact that his chief opponent, Mayor Matti Herrera Bower, is a two-term, 72-year-old Cuban-American who promotes her experience and grandmother credentials makes the generational schism all the more striking.
The election of 1159, for example, brought about a prolonged schism during which the emperor Frederick Barbarossa (c. 1123 90) promoted a series of antipopes who he hoped would be supportive of his policies.
He tried to repair the schism in the Christian church in regard to the Monophysites by promoting a compromise doctrine called Monothelitism.
President Xi's speech noted the schism: "We must be bold in studying [genetic modification, yet] be cautious in promoting it".
This miracle became a key emblem in the official portrayal of the saint promoted by the papal court and the Dominican order, still haunted by the memory of the Great Schism (1378 1414) that had rent the Catholic Church for nearly forty years.
