Interestingly, transfection of the double mutant S4A/T199A had the strongest effect with 11% of cells that contained >4 centrioles, which suggests that these two phosphorylations collaborate to promote centriole duplication.
We confirmed here that effector genes did not belong to recognisable multigene families, and that TEs are unlikely to promote multiple duplications.
Moreover, this work shows that Plk2 activity directly effects NPM/B23 S4 phosphorylation in S-phase and that a phosphorylation of NPM/B23 S4 promotes centriole duplication (Fig. 6C, left panel).
Consequently, ISs are considered as major players of genome evolution and plasticity, mediating gene transfers and promoting genome duplication, deletion and rearrangement [ 7].
First, during spermatogenesis the X chromosome of males becomes inactivated: since few testis genes are expressed post-meiotically, evidence suggests that chromosomal inactivation has promoted autosomal duplication events from X-linked genes [ 18, 29, 30].
The glut of medical equipment available in the private healthcare setting has been one of the factors that led to the increase in private health expenditure [ 29] where competition promotes the duplication of expensive services and equipment [ 26].
Ectopic recombination events can influence species adaptation, as they can promote rearrangements (deletion, duplication, inversion or translocation) and chromosomal breaks [ 46].
At national and subnational level, wherein implementation of climate change measures occurs, these dichotomies promote inefficiencies, unnecessary duplication, and most critically, contradictions in the minds of local farmers in developing countries who may not recognize these differences.
Microsatellites have also been associated with increased genomic diversity by promoting sequence duplications, gene conversion, crossovers, and generating local recombination hotspots [ 45, 48- 52, 53] 53].
More recently, however, it was proposed that retrotransposons can actually contribute to gene function and genome evolution, either by promoting local duplications, inversions or deletions events or by altering gene expression [ 18, 19].
