In her view, men tend to be promoted based on their promise, whereas women need to prove themselves multiple times.
There are exceptions for non-English speaking students and special education students, as well as an appeals process by which students can be promoted based on class work.
Middle managers in financial services firms were often promoted based on sales targets, making it hard to keep the focus on consumers' needs, the report found.
An additional 1,510 third graders learned earlier this summer that they would be promoted based on their class work, despite scoring at Level 1 on at least one test.
If the Fire Department had promoted based on the test, two Hispanics and no blacks would have been eligible for the seven open captain positions.
"It's valuable during the first 7 to 10, or 10 to 12 years, and after that you're being hired or promoted based on what you've actually accomplished in business," he said.
"When they see we are promoting based on merit, making the department more efficient, and professionalizing it, well, that's the best morale booster you can have," he said.
The best recruits, those selected for their potential to make partner and promoted based on advancements in competency rather than years and hours logged, could wind up making salaries significantly beyond today's market rates, managing partners and consultants say.
"People will be promoted based not on how smart they sound, but on how well they can rel.
