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Long slender forms of the mammalian bloodstream and procyclic forms of the tsetse fly vector are the main proliferative stages during the life cycle.
Interestingly, pretreatment of promastigotes with 250 ng/ml PMA during 15 min leads to a substantial increase of PKC protein levels in all proliferative stages.
To study CCHCR1 mRNA expression in immortal but non-tumorigenic HaCaT cells of different proliferative stages, we performed cell culture experiments according to the strategy of Pivarcsi et al. [14].
The life cycle consists of numerous developmental steps and includes two experimentally tractable proliferative stages, the bloodstream form (BSF) in mammals and the procyclic culture form (PCF) in the tsetse fly [2].
Consequently, control of the proliferative stages is vital to combat apicomplexan diseases yet treatments are limited due to the lack of effective vaccines and a paucity of stable drug therapies.
Phosphorylation of c-Src and Smad1 was almost undetectable on day 0 but became prominent during the proliferative stages in Thy1 GN, peaked on day 6, and then decreased towards day 15 (Figure 2C, D and E).
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Photocoagulation is the mainstay of treatment in the proliferative stage of Eales' disease.
Photocoagulation is the mainstay of therapy in the proliferative stage of Eales' disease [2].
Raised levels of IL-1β and TNF-α were observed in the inflammatory stage and persisted in the proliferative stage of the disease.
Although photocoagulation is the preferred modality of treatment in the proliferative stage of Eales' disease, it could not be performed in both our cases due to the presence of dispersed vitreous haemorrhage and tractional retinal detachment.
Histological examination of the fractured bone showed hematoma and chondrocytes at proliferative stage at week one post fracture, while at week two the chondrocytes zone and the cancellous bone increased.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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