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There are two major pathways by which cortical input reaches the basal ganglia: one via the striatum and one projecting directly to the STN.
It has been previously shown that the GiA, GiV and RMg display a large contingent of glycinergic neurons [25] projecting directly to spinal motoneurons [26].
This resulted in retrograde labeling of premotor neurons projecting directly to the motoneurons of these muscles.
Whilst previous studies have documented in some detail tracheal afferent terminations in the nucleus of the solitary tract [ 9, 40], there haven't been any previous reports of tracheal sensory neurons projecting directly to the trigeminal regions of the brainstem.
In other words, striatal GABAergic medium spiny neurons projecting directly to the globus pallidus pars internus (constituting the direct pathway) were modelled with a net excitatory effect on the thalamus, whereas the glutamatergic STN-thalamic inputs had a net inhibitory effect (Fig. 2A).
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However, neurons in the DMH do not project directly to BAT sympathetic fibers, but they rather send monosynaptic projections to the rRPa that have been involved in mediating the effects of DMH neurons on BAT thermogenesis.
Larger prototype field experiments would disclose whether these results could be projected directly to full-scale operation.
Alternatively input to V2 may come from LGN cells, in particular the non-standard cells, which project directly to V2.
Blue/purple stimuli are detected using only S-type cones in the retina, which do not project directly to the SC [35], [36].
The ACC also projects directly to the SC [2] and, in fMRI studies, has shown an increase in BOLD-related activity for voluntary saccades [52].
These rhythms are entrained to 24 hours by the environmental light-dark cycle primarily via a subset of photosensitive retinal ganglion cells that project directly to the SCN [2].
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