A progressive reinforcement of the treated requirements is achieved by means of formal state models.
The progressive reinforcement of pre-zygotic isolation mechanisms could ultimately achieve speciation, thus fully isolating the two taxa [ 2, 8].
Francis announced "the doctrine of original antigenic sin" (5, 6 ): "[t]he antibody-forming mechanisms appear to be oriented by the initial infections of childhood so that exposures later in life to antigenically related strains result in a progressive reinforcement of the primary antibody" (3 ).
They applied a progressive ratio reinforcement (PR) schedule (PR1 + 2, i.e. in each successive trial, 2 more lever presses were needed to gain the reward than in the previous trial).
The effects of the composite parameters; interphase thickness, number of layers, properties of each layer, progressive debonding damage, reinforcement size and aspect ratio, and elastoplasticity of the matrix on the effective thermo hygro-mechanical properthermo hygro-mechanicalain respropertiespresented and discussed.
The present study was designed to contrast l-THP's effects on cocaine self-administration under fixed-ratio (FR) and progressive-ratio (PR) reinforcement, and to study l-THP's effects on cocaine-enhanced brain stimulation reward (BSR).
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.04811.007 This is supported by the fact that in progressive ratio schedules of reinforcement rats maintain higher breakpoints when reinforced with bigger appetitive outcomes, reflecting higher motivation toward them (Hodos, 1961; Skjoldager et al., 1993).
In this paper, an incremental constitutive equation of the particle and short-fiber reinforced composites with progressive cracking damage of the reinforcement has been developed considering the temperature change and elastoplasticity.
The damage is considered by taking into account the progressive debonding of the reinforcement from the interphase.
Experiment 1 assessed the effect of GHB (0, 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, i.p). on breakpoint for alcohol, defined as the lowest response requirement not achieved by each rat when exposed to a single-session progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement.
For example, opioid antagonists decrease the breakpoint in progressive ratio schedules of reinforcement with food (Barbano et al., 2009), whereas opioid agonists produce the opposite effect (Solinas & Goldberg, 2005).
