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Affinities express the change of the Gibbs energy with reaction progress (equation 3): A r = - ( ∂ Δ r G / ∂ ξ ) P, T. It follows that the reaction is favorable if the affinity is positive.
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However, senescence significantly increases when generation progresses (equation 3).
A progress variable equation is introduced to describe the filtered flame structure.
The progress variable equation is applied for the first time to simulate propagation of a reaction front following and coupled with a leading shock.
The gradient method, based on a product of pre-shock mixture density and detonation velocity, is employed as a source term in the progress variable equation.
The solution of the progress variable equation ensures that the resolved part of the turbulent mixing in the preheat region can be described.
With respect to the mean flow properties, it is shown that, along the symmetry axis and in a large part of the mean flame brush, the turbulent diffusion term plays a minor role in the balance of the mean progress variable equation except in a thin zone.
The compressible Navier Stokes, energy, and progress variable equations are solved using Direct Numerical Simulation with one-step chemistry.
Two new variational multiscale methods within a finite element framework are developed for the system of mass, momentum and progress-variable equations: a purely residual-based variational multiscale method and an algebraic variational multiscale-multigrid method.
Spatial and statistical analyses of various fluxes involved in a progress variable transport equation are conducted to study autoignitive or propagative characteristics of MILD reaction zones.
From this database and using a classical subgrid scale flame surface wrinkling model, a closure model for the filtered progress variable balance equation is then proposed.
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