Universal programs target the general population, while targeted programs focus on a clearly defined group of families at risk for child maltreatment or maltreating families.
Should we demand that in return for preferential tax treatment, programs target more clearly the needs of the poor?
She is taken with the work of Dan Olweus, the grand old man of anti-bullying theory and practice, whose programs target the school, the classroom and the individual.
Most programs target the treatment of single diseases in a vacuum, and don't account for the fact that the majority of Medicare beneficiaries with, for example, congestive heart failure also have other chronic conditions such as arthritis, diabetes, lung disease and dementia.
Stores like Sears and Kmart publicized layaway programs; Target offered its credit card holders 5 percent back on all purchases; Gap ran a Friday promotion in which everything in the store was half off; and Wal-Mart agreed to match its competitors' discounts.
"We have development meetings where we talk about what kind of shows we want to do, and what kind of shows we think will attract a mass audience," said Nina Lederman, the senior vice president for scripted series at Lifetime, whose programs target a mostly female audience.
Traditionally breastfeeding education programs target mothers solely.
Other programs target nausea, obesity, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's and mild age-related memory loss.
These programs target the informatics side of the field and aim to develop new information-technology tools for biomedical research.
Vaccination before the start of sexual activity is most effective, and consequently most programs target 9- to 12-year-olds.
In absolute numbers, however, we find that most programs target children themselves, and that these kinds of programs have more than doubled since 2001.
