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The aim of this study is to examine the effect of programming instruction with Scratch on student motivation and their programming achievements.
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This supports the positive relationship between programming achievement and achievement in mathematics and other courses.
Another component of spatial skills that may be related to programming achievement are mental models.
Similarly, Holvikivi (2010) indicated that cognitive capacity is one of the factors affecting programming achievement.
Mancy and Reid (2004) produced findings of a possible relationship between working memory capacity and programming achievement.
Lau and Yuen (2011) indicated one of the areas of study for programming as the determination of factors influencing programming achievement.
There are many findings in the literature considering mathematical background as a predictor of programming achievement (Bergin & Reilly, 2005, 2006; Wilson, 2002; Wilson & Shrock, 2001).
The instruments used for data collection was QBASIC Programming Achievement Test (QBPAT) with a reliability index of.75 established using K-R 20.
Cegielski and Hall (2006) stated that perceived programming self-efficacy is a meaningful predictor of programming performance; on the contrary, Wilson (2002) found that programming self-efficacy has no significant impact on programming achievement.
Other studies resulted in significant and positive impact of spatial skills (Jones & Burnett, 2008; Mayer et al. 1986) and visual-spatial skills (DeRaadt et al., 2005) on programming achievement.
Pena et al. (1992) reached more concrete results, and revealed that capacity of working memory is an important predictor of programming achievement in the first stages of learning how to code.
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