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As a part of these healthcare programmes, participants performed continuous beat-to-beat R-R interval recordings in the course of their normal everyday life as described below.
In these programmes, participants used smartphones to record the location of health and sanitation concerns, medical facilities and unsafe areas, and through geo-tagged photos and videos, a real-time portrait could be drawn of risk factors in these neighborhoods.
Information regarding participation in educational activities was recorded by the teachers, whereas correctional officers recorded what treatment programmes participants took part in, as well as critical incidents that occurred for each participant throughout the study.
During the individually tailored exercise programmes, participants will progress from active-assisted exercises through to resisted exercises, via the use of various therapy adjuncts, that is, hand weights, exercise band, and computer game-based exercise.
In the primary care programmes and minimal intervention comparator, participants were provided with details about how to make their first appointment, whereas for the commercial programmes participants were booked directly on to a programme and provided with details of the venue and time of their first session.
In the pre-specified secondary analysis comparing the commercial programmes with the primary care programmes, participants randomised to the commercial programmes lost 2.3 (1.3 to 3.4) kg more than did those allocated to the primary care programmes at programme end (P=0.004).
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These social systems can be characterised as both structure and agency, emphasising the dynamic nature of context in influencing how programme participants respond to participation.
Programme participants are defined by their first programme participation that started within 18 months after entering unemployment in Wunsch and Lechner (2008) and within three years in Lechner and Wunsch (2009).
We found little information on participation rates and characteristics of programme participants.
After 6 months of intervention, 22 (45%) brisk walking participants and 13 (30%) medical fitness programme participants (p = 0.15) were no longer participating (ESM Table 2).
The studies mainly applied propensity score matching (PSM) to compare programme participants with suitable non-participants, for whom similar participation probabilities had been estimated (Rosenbaum and Rubin 1983).
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