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Rinne ([2013]) discusses the findings of three studies evaluating language/introduction courses designed for immigrants and eight recent evaluations of general labour market programmes' effects on immigrants.
Given that the study includes returnees from a variety of organisations, in particular those which are more confident in their programmes, effects across all organisations may be even stronger and the current conclusions are therefore likely to be valid.
According to his results, if provided to 20% of all US three and four year old children living in poverty, the programmes would result in benefit-cost ratios between US$4.01 11 and US$9.271 €3.42 142:1 and €7.91 11), depending on the different programmes' effects.
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Data related to curriculum content and process, student performance, self-reported competence and programme effects were collected.
We show that when individuals self-select into participation conditional on some eligibility criteria a sharp RDD provides a natural framework to define a specification test for the non-experimental estimation of programme effects for participants away from the threshold.
We find large positive post-programme effects, and, surprisingly, even most in-programme effects are positive.
The post-programme effects are largest for subsidized employment programmes.
Programme effects on participants were estimated by PSM.
Thus, the table shows for each gender six estimates of in-programme effects and six estimates of post-programme effects.
The total effect of ALMP participation depends on both in-programme and post-programme effects.
We also find positive in-programme effects except for subsidized employment programmes starting early.
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