The following key words were used for the search: "MALAT1 or MALAT-1 or NEAT2 or mascRNA", "long non-coding RNA or lncRNA", "cancer or carcinoma or tumour or neoplasia or neoplasm or malignancy or sarcoma", "prognostic or prognosis", "outcome", "mortality", "survival" and "recurrence".
The keywords used in the search included prognosis, prognostic, prognosticate, and prognostication.
Biomarkers such as these are currently being used for prediction: potential "at risk" for disease as well as response to therapy (predictive biomarkers), and for disease prognosis (prognostic biomarkers).
For the management of individual patients there is a need to have markers that can identify those cancers likely to have a better or a worse prognosis (prognostic) and also aid the selection of appropriate therapy (predictive) (Gelber et al, 2003; Hayes, 2003).
Additionally, ceftaroline has shown similar efficacy and safety to ceftriaxone in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia with severe prognosis (prognostic severity index III and IV) in two phase III clinical trials.
In the multivariate analysis MUC5AC antibody positivity didn't find an independent prognostic factor on prognosis.
Thus, competing risks analyses more appropriately reflect the absolute impact of a prognostic factor on prognosis [ 54].
More importantly, TWIST1 mRNA expression predicts, independently of the traditional prognostic factors, poor prognosis in patients with primary breast cancer.
A prognostic scoring system (Prognosis for Prolonged Ventilation score - ProVent - score) seems able to evaluate one-year mortality of such patients.
The study aimed to observe the expression of the c-erbB-3 protein and investigate any relationship between expression and established prognostic indicators and prognosis.
Furthermore, some authors suggested that the presence of neural invasion could have a negative prognostic impact on prognosis of radically resected gastric cancer patients.
