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The "cost of meiosis" or "cost of sex" remains a puzzling question in evolutionary biology despite the fact that sex in general has been accepted by many for generating genetically variable progeny, upon which natural selection can act to accelerate evolution for adaption and for eliminating deleterious mutations.
To elucidate the function of Lhx2 in stem/progenitor cells we have done global gene expression analyses comparing the Lhx2+ DoxHPC lines to their Lhx2− progeny upon dox withdrawal [47], and started to address the contribution of different signalling pathways identified in this screen.
Hermaphrodites mostly produce hermaphrodite progeny upon selfing, and rare males by non-disjunction of the × chromosome.
They cover a range of scenarios of how damage hampers functioning, and of how damage is passed on to the progeny upon division.
An alternative mechanism is that damaged structures or waste aggregate to one cluster, and that this aggregate is passed to one of the two progeny upon division.
These cells might therefore be expected to evolve rapidly through chromosome aneuploidy and an unbridled accumulation of mutations, which together would yield a dangerous brew of progeny upon which growth selection operates.
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Once self-sperm are exhausted, the hermaphrodite's total reproductive capacity is defined by the number of additional oocytes it can produce that are competent to produce viable cross-progeny upon mating to males (Brenner 1974).
If they then became parent-like, authoritarian and wealthy, they also left their progeny destitute upon their departure on 1947: so the middle-aged offspring might have some reason for complaint.
Previous work showed that four factor-derived mouse iPS cells can cause tumor formation in chimeras and progeny mice upon reactivation of c-Myc [28].
Nonetheless, in viv o they generate progeny based upon the signals to which they are exposed and the specific developmental stage.
To estimate this value, aqueous suspensions of 10 randomly selected MVT from both library H-1 5 H-1 5-1:2.5 were restreandd to single cell resolution on dextrose growtH-1 2.5yielding H-1 2.5d, spherical, progeny colonies upon outgrowere
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