Furthermore, young people in post-conflict settings arrive in school with profound exposure to social cruelties (UNICEF 1996) some exhibiting troubled and troublesome behaviour (Boyden and Rider 1996) for having participated in violence for survival, or forcefully recruited by militias equipping them with "power of the gun" (Sommers 2009 35).
Therefore, profound exposure misclassification, combined with potential selection bias, largely invalidates the findings of these studies, which cannot contribute useful information about the association between Agent Orange/TCDD exposure and prostate cancer risk.
The first colonisation of the intestine is one of the most profound immunological exposures faced by the newborn and it is influenced by external and internal factors.
A poet tells of growing up in southern New Jersey in a landscape blighted by toxic substances and radioactive waste, and of the profound effect her exposure to these poisons had on her health as an adult.
More profound was its exposure of how fragile is the nation's psyche when America's exceptional security and freedom from the events that bedevil ordinary countries is called into question.
Indeed, mammalian innate immune cells undergo profound changes after exposure to a pathogen.
But for pollutants that decay rapidly as a function of distance from highways and major roadways, tens to hundreds of meters of positional error coupled with significant time spent away from home could have a profound effect on exposure misclassification, including possible differential misclassification.
The MBF measured by laser Doppler flowmetry are expressed as a percentage of baseline flow and are shown in Figure 1 and Table S1 in Additional file 1. Substantial reductions in MBF could be seen at the lower IAP even at 2 hours, reductions that became more profound during longer exposures.
Hence, unlike in behavioral studies where cocaine is considered a psychostimulant, the genomic effects of chronic cocaine exposure are profound and multidirectional, but may not be simply predicted to be hypofunctional or hyperfunctional in impact.
Indeed, BD exposure induced profound DNA damage, especially the formation of N-7 guanine adducts, whose presence may profoundly compromise the methylation capacity of Dnmt1, as has been observed with other guanine adducts (Valinluck and Sowers 2007).
These patients were neutropenic or possessed risk factors for infection including profound immunocompromised states, repeated exposure to broad-spectrum antibiotics, intravenous drug use, chronic indwelling catheters or abnormal cardiac valves.
