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Female speakers demonstrated an overall positive correlation between the use of [L] and talker proficiency, and [L] was more likely found in more proficient speakers.
Still, Englishnisation is not easy, even if handled well: the most proficient speakers can still struggle to express nuance and emotion in a foreign tongue.
Regardless of the accounts, one would expect to find more proficient speakers to be more inclined to produce [z]/[dz] and, and less proficient speakers to be more inclined to produce [l] and the retroflex variant.
In contrast, although its pattern was less consistent, [L] was more often observed in less proficient speakers for males, showing a negative correlation instead.
More proficient speakers are more likely to demonstrate high consistency at both inter- and intra-syllabic level in variable sound realizations.
Although one would usually consider proficient speakers as leaders of a language, since they are the ones that are more likely to use the language more frequently and thus exert a larger impact in shaping it, the situation might not be as clear-cut in the case of Min.
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On the plus side, one day he looked out upon the residue of the crowd and saw a female student wearing a T-shirt that read "Bonjour, Paris!" By the time we met, Olivier had become not only a proficient speaker but a sensitive, agile one.
I don't know the exact numbers, but I've heard there were less than 10 fluent Squamish speakers at one point, with around 30 less-proficient speakers.
Mid proficiency speakers were significantly more variable than high proficiency speakers and on average used about one more variant than their more proficient counterparts (1.50 vs. 2.67, p < .05).05
According to the Census bureau, there are 13.8 million Hispanic women who are proficient English speakers, a number that is expected to grow significantly the next decade.
But that's not because newcomers to the country are less likely to be proficient English speakers than their peers in earlier decades.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com