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Chenoweth and Hayes (2001) reported that L2 learners with higher proficiency produced more fluent language than less proficient learners; thus, pre-task planning might induce L2 learners to compensate for lack of L2 proficiency in the case of fluency.
Findings showed that ability grouping benefited less proficient learners.
An improved version of the DWK, however, overall, showed significant frequency effects only among less proficient learners but not more proficient learners (and native French speakers).
By contrast, ability grouping did not appear to be beneficial for more proficient learners.
Among proficient learners, the difference between the strategies was not significant.
Furthermore, we examined this problem within the context of novices as well as proficient learners.
In other words, problem solving allows proficient learners to gain more experience than they would simply by studying worked-examples.
Hence, the sample could be a better representative of the English language learners, from low- proficient learners to high proficient ones.
First, students in Renmin University are relatively high proficient language learners; the project team met difficulties to differentiate between the abilities of highly proficient learners just based on the descriptors of CEFR.
For instance, in the aforementioned Naiman et al. (1978) study, the good learners were recommended as proficient learners by the researchers' acquaintance or through the researchers' own connections.
Therefore, from a CLT perspective, learning from examples and problems simultaneously may be an effective method for novices as well as proficient learners.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com