This apparent disparity may reflect the proficiency of the task in previous studies.
It may well be the case that cognitive proficiency and engagement with the tasks in PISA are as important as each other in understanding differences between countries and developing policies.
In the days of the hunter-gatherer, every member of the tribe would have been expected to command some degree of proficiency with each task.
Along with the task characteristics, the RP value chosen to characterize items along each scale helps to define what is meant by proficiency in PIAAC.
Arciuli et al. further demonstrated that this kind of cognitive flexibility is a predictor of proficiency with complex tasks such as reading.
Proficiency with the instrument is within reach of a 5-year-old.
Technological literacy is something different: proficiency with the larger system of our invented world.
as users gained proficiency with the system.
We estimated the degree of correlation between English proficiency at enrollment and the self-reported level of English proficiency with the Pearson correlation coefficient.
It turns out that, once kids have some proficiency in a task, the excitement and uncertainty of real competition may become the activity's very appeal.
