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The CCSM document reflects this notion, describing sense-making/problem-solving proficiency in terms of understanding problem situations in terms of 'givens, constraints, relationships, and goals' (p. 6), with this understanding, feeding in to the formulation of possible solution pathways.
The Common Reference Levels describes proficiency in terms of three broad levels of basic user (A1 = Breakthrough; A2 = Waystage), independent user (B1 = Threshold; B2 = Vantage), and proficient user (C1 = Effective Operational Proficiency; C2 = Mastery) and in scales of illustrative descriptors across five qualitative categories: Range, Accuracy, Fluency, Interaction and Coherence (North 2014).
Although many Filipinos speak English, challenges remain with English language proficiency in terms of reading, writing, expressing themselves articulately, and using host country terminology.
Construct validity is then defined as a process of investigation in which the constructs are carefully delineated, and evidence at multiple levels is sought which supports a valid association between scores on that assessment and the candidate's proficiency in terms of that construct.
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It is expected that students will differ across proficiency levels in terms of the range of exponents which they can use to perform those functions and by the degree of accuracy and complexity with which they can express their view.
Language learners are therefore grouped into different proficiency levels in terms of what they can do with language, rather than the ability to handle specific grammatical structures or lexical items.
From this standpoint, Guenette (2007) suggests creating an ideal experiment scenario where students, belonging to almost the same proficiency level in terms of speaking and writing in the second language, are given ample time to learn from the corrections given by their teachers.
Second, proficiency was operationalized in terms of learners' class levels.
Students' language proficiency is described in terms of the levels of the Common European Framework of Reference, to enable comparison across participating educational systems.
A number of researchers also claim that appropriate use of formulaic sequences can help language learners reach a higher level of language proficiency not only in terms of fluency, but also in terms of range of expression and accuracy (e.g., Wood, 2006; Boers et al., 2006; Wood, 2010; Stengers et al., 2010; Stengers et al., 2011; Boers & Lindstromberg, 2012; Henriksen, 2013; Peters, 2014).
Online activity by the Islamic State (IS) also continues to be a concern, Clapper said, noting that the group has demonstrated "unprecedented online proficiency," not just in terms of recruitment and propaganda, but in its ability to hack and release sensitive information about American military personnel.
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