A backward translation of the reconciled language version was produced in the source language (U.S. English) by a professional translator, native English speaker and bilingual in the Malay language [ 14, 15, 17].
Briefly, the instruments were translated independently into Chinese by two professional translators (native Chinese speakers) and translated back into English by two English native speakers (bilingual in Chinese).
The second step, the Bahasa Indonesia version was translated back to English version and it was done independently by two local professional translators, native English speakers, and bilingual in Bahasa Indonesia language.
In the first step, the instruments were translated from English version to Bahasa Indonesia version, and it was done independently by two local professional translators, native Indonesia speakers, and bilingual in English language.
The PedsQL™ 3.0 Cardiac Module was translated independently into Hungarian by two professional translators, native target language speakers, bilingual in the source language.
The translations, culled from many different sources--from professional translators and native speakers, to online translation services--show the range of possibility for interpretation, including sometimes poetic, or less than poetic, mis-interpretation.
Two qualified translators, native speakers of French Canadian, proficient in English and living in the target country, and the Local French Canadian Project Manager, performed this step.
This version of the questionnaire was backward translated by a professional, bilingual translator native English speaker.
They wish to thank John Kerr, a professional translator and English native speaker, who carefully read and reviewed the present article.
Muriel Jérôme-O'Keeffe, a past director of the translators association and the managing director of JTG, a translation company in Alexandria, Va., said translation companies and the government should look beyond professional translators to native Arabic speakers who are United States citizens and who are lawyers, chemists, bankers and the like.
The original English questionnaire was independently translated into Spanish by two translators (one oncologist and one professional translator) whose native language was Spanish and who were highly fluent in English.
