Given contemporary anadromous production, hydrosystem conditions, low smolt to adult returns (SAR), and ocean productivity trends, conservation efforts could be stymied by a lack of available nutrients to freshwater rearing habitat in the Salmon River basin (Achord et al., 2003; Thomas et al., 2003).
Policy support for sustainable income from forests to local people as well as technologies enhancing agricultural productivity through conservation of traditional crop diversity and efficient resource recycling within agroecosystems is needed for sustainable livelihood of local communities together with global benefits from the Himalayan forests and ecosystem services.
The development of natural resources is based on maintaining the fragile ecosystem balance between the productivity functions and conservation practices through monitoring and identification of problem areas.
Current farm management practices are gradually decreasing the diversity of trees in pastures, and in some cases also tree density, reducing their contribution to farm productivity and biodiversity conservation.
However, despite their critical productive and environmental roles, little is known about tree distribution within pastures or how farmers' management decisions influence the trees themselves and their impact on farm productivity and biodiversity conservation.
We evaluated the distribution of five ecosystem services: net primary productivity (NPP), soil conservation (SC), water yield (WY), water retention (WR), and livestock supply in the grassland and agro-pastoral transitional zone of China (GAPTZ) under the future climate scenarios of representative concentration pathway (RCP) 4.5 and RCP8.5 in 2050.
From 2001 to 2014, we analyzed the changing trends in five critical ecosystem services in the Xilingol Grassland, which is typical of grasslands in North China, including net primary productivity (NPP), soil conservation (SC), soil loss due to wind (SL), water yield (WY) and water retention (WR).
Selecting the grassland and agro-pastoral transitional zone of North China (GAPTZ) as the study area, we examined the relationships between paired ecosystem services: net primary productivity (NPP), soil conservation (SC), soil erosion by wind (SL), water yield (WY), and water retention (WR).
Our central question is: How will climate change affect the productivity, diversity, and conservation of crop landraces?
