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Of the 7 differentially expressed genes classified in IL-6 production, the expression of 6 genes, including tumor necrosis factor, alpha-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3, −2.07-fold), was downregulated by PC.
In parallel, to enhance ethanol production, the expression of a putative hydrogenase gene (Clocel_2243) was down-regulated using CRISPR interference (CRISPRi).
To further assess the effect of kinase inhibition on cytokine production, the expression of individual kinases in primary human macrophages was knocked down by siRNA.
Analogous to 2-methyl-1-butanol production, the expression of kivd from L. lactis facilitates the conversion of KIC to 3-methyl-1-butanol.
While the activated Sbm-pathway can result in 1-propanol production, the expression of SucCD was deemed crucial to increase the succinyl-CoA pool and consequently the 1-propanol titer.
The levels of ROS production, the expression of phospho-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p-p38) and p16INK4a (p16) mRNA in HSCs were measured by flow cytometry and RT-PCR, respectively.
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Vice versa, Ngn3 protein production induces the expression of Myt1.
In mechanism, CDs treatment dramatically induces interferon-α (IFN-α) production and the expression of IFN-stimulating genes (ISGs) which in turn inhibits virus replication.
IL-12 (or IL-12p70) is a key pro-inflammatory cytokine that promotes the differentiation toward a Th1 phenotype and stimulates IFN-γ production inhibiting the expression of IL-1329,30.
The ROS production and the expression of OX-42 were significantly increased in the cortex and hippocampus by ultrafine TiO2 at 24 h after LPS injection in the LPS-treated group.
NO also acts as an immune signaling molecule affecting differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis of immune cells, cytokine production, and the expression of co-stimulatory and adhesion molecules [44].
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