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The Czochralski (Cz) method has virtually dominated the entire production of bulk single crystals with high productivity.
Algae are currently used for production of niche products and are becoming increasingly interesting for the production of bulk commodities, such as biodiesel.
White biotechnology is a fast emerging area that concerns itself with the use of biotechnological approaches in the production of bulk and fine chemicals, biofuels, and agricultural products.
This field has received increasing attention within the last few years, due to the extraordinary growth in the adoption of white or industrial biotechnological processes for the production of bulk chemicals, pharmaceuticals, food ingredients and enzymes, among other products [ 2, 3].
Moreover, by reducing freight costs, railways fostered the production of bulk commodities like beef and coffee.
Lesik, M. et al. Production of bulk NV centre arrays by shallow implantation and diamond CVD overgrowth.
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Assuming that a typical fermentative production of a bulk product, such as lysine, citric acid or glutamic acid costs about € 1,500 per ton and that these costs consist of: €5000 for the raw materials, €5000 for the fermentation process, and €5000 for recovery and purification.
Fermentation of renewable resources is becoming increasingly attractive for production of C4 bulk chemicals.
We have developed different electrochemical procedures for the production of nanostructured bulk metals, catalyst particles and metal oxides with variable crystallite sizes.
Recent efforts have improved general techniques and yielded successes in the use of synthetic biology for the production of drugs, bulk chemicals, and fuels in microbial platform hosts.
It is hoped that this review paper will provide logical ways of efficiently utilizing 'big' biological data to design and develop novel metabolic pathways for the production of various bulk chemicals that are currently produced from fossil resources.
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