The pathophysiological basis of structural and functional changes due to diabetes which may lead to endothelial dysfunction and increased cardiovascular risk is thought to involve oxidative stress and production of advanced glycosylated products [ 23- 25].
In this regard, the design of less energy intensive processes is needed to boost the production of advanced biofuels.
Chronic inflammation might result in the production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs).
Recently, abnormally high level of D-ribose (Rib) in the urine of type 2 diabetics has been discovered, which is highly active in protein glycation, resulting in the production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs).
Nonenzymatic glycation is markedly increased in diabetic patients, and this results in uncontrolled production of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) [ 102] whose accumulation in blood plasma is related to enhanced modification of lipoproteins thereby increasing their atherogenicity [ 103].
Indeed, hyperglycaemia could accelerate the development of atherosclerosis through enhanced production of advanced glycation end products, oxidative stress and vascular inflammation, which may contribute to diabetes-specific atherosclerosis [ 22, 23].
ROS are generated on one hand by stimulation of the glucose metabolism and the respiratory chain in the mitochondria and on the other hand by the production of advanced glycation end products (AGE).
In NEB situations, hypoglycemia activates fat mobilization, leading to NEFAs accumulation in liver, production of advanced glycolic end products, and increased oxidative stress, which result in many metabolic dysfunctions.
Metabolic abnormalities within T2DM lead to mitochondrial superoxide overproduction, increasing the production of free radicals and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which in turn activate protein kinase (PKC) and increase the production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs).
People who do not manage their blood glucose levels well often suffer from persistent hyperglycemia, leading to an increase in the production of advanced glycation end products, and causing stiffness of connective tissue and subsequent aggravated musculoskeletal pain [ 10].
The sugarcane industry in Brazil has been considered promising for the production of advanced fuels and bio-based products.
