These approaches differ in how the interaction between knowledge production and decision-making is organized.
In addition, SIA may acquire features of conflict mediation, depending on extent and intensity of stakeholder participation in the process, and the quality of linkages it between knowledge production and decision-making.
Thee exists a general agreement on the need to reform scientific expertise by developing new ways of knowledge production and decision-making able to cope with the challenges sustainability poses.
The benefits of public involvement in river management and research have been widely publicised, although uptake of public participation at the prescribed higher levels (which account for both ecological and societal benefits, and include knowledge production and decision-making by 'non-certified experts') is rarely evident.
The greater health risks assumed by farmstead females suggest that they had less control over production and decision-making than women buried at centers, while height and upper body strength at mound centers, in addition to rare but extreme trauma, point to identities that were mapped not only onto the landscape, but onto the bodies of men and women occupying elite spaces.
We take a practice-based view of deliberation, in which social life is explored as an "ongoing production" and decision-making a "dynamic accomplishment rather than a static outcome" [ 35].
Discrete-event simulation model was developed to capture production flow and decision logic under real world conditions.
Simulation models, on the other hand, were developed to capture realistic production flow and decision logic under dynamic and uncertain conditions.
These include the ever increasing importance of the customer preferences in shippers' logistical arrangements, the closer integration between logistical decisions and production and marketing decisions, and the rationalisation of logistical and transport operations.
These and other anthropologists held that the importance of kinship in "primitive" societies largely resided in its role as an organizational framework for production and group decision making.
