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Some propose that hyperglycemia, free fatty acids, and insulin resistance feed into oxidative stress, protein kinase C activation, and advanced glycated end product receptor activation, leading to vasoconstriction, inflammation, and thrombosis (28).
In diabetes, advanced glycation end products form as a consequence of long-term hyperglycemia, and a number of truncated forms of the advanced glycation end product receptor (RAGE) have been identified.
Uribarri et al. (abstracts 255 and 371) found that in vitro expression of the advanced glycation end product receptor 1 (AGER1)—involved in advanced glycation end product (AGE) removal and prevention of AGE-induced inflammation and oxidative stress increased with 2-day but decreased with 14-day AGE exposure, particularly to methylglyoxal.
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Notably, advanced glycation end products modify ROS formation through advanced glycation end product receptors and therefore influence the production of growth factors and cytokines by affected cells (4).
MG surface can combine with A beta receptors, such as scavenger receptors and advanced glycosylated end products receptor.
Changes in lipid peroxidation, advanced glycation end products, receptor of advanced glycation end products, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and vascular endothelial growth factor were also investigated.
The product of receptor concentration and the kinetic parameter for receptor internalization in adipocytes is five orders of magnitude lower than in hepatocytes.
The one Fab that did not react to MBP was a product of receptor editing.
NIDDM: Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus; US: Ultrasound; SST: Supraspinatus; IST: Infraspinatus; SBT: Subscapularis; BT: Long head of the biceps tendon; SAD: Subacromial subdeltoid bursa; AGE: Advanced glycation end product; RAGE: Receptor advanced glycation end product; PGE2: Prostaglandin E2; NO: Nitric Oxide The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Additionally, levels of retinal malondialdehyde (MDA), advance glycation end products (AGEs), receptor of advance glycation end products (RAGE), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF- α), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were evaluated.
AGEs: Advanced glycation end products; RAGE: Receptor for advanced glycation end products; HPA: Heparanase; PI3K/AKT: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B. The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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