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This indicates that the tail-generated sonations are not constrained to the nadir of the dives physiologically (i.e., are not fixed); instead, synchrony with visual components may be a product of selection.
"It seems obvious that electric eels are the product of selection for increasing power output," Catania wrote, resulting in "an extraordinary animal that has fascinated scientists for centuries". This doesn't necessarily mean that Humboldt's spectacular story — and the accompanying images — were wholly true, he cautioned.
After controlling for homeownership, the association between education debt and better behavior disappeared -- meaning it could have been a product of selection bias.
Finally we found that the fitness increase is not the product of selection during the course of the experiment, as exposure to 100 mM did not make the populations more resistant to EMS (Figure 6).
It seems likely that the balance between these rates is itself a product of selection.
Also, it remains unclear whether the evolutionary transition to a robust state occurs as a direct product of selection [ 10- 13] or merely as a by-product of selection acting on correlated traits [ 14- 16].
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Recent research suggests that some human-like social skills evolved in dogs (Canis familiaris) during domestication as an incidental by-product of selection for "tame" forms of behavior.
The coincidental evolution hypothesis [1] [3] suggests that bacterial pathogenicity could be a by-product of selection acting on a parasite's life-history traits that increase its fitness in environmental reservoirs and which coincidentally also affects its virulence in hosts.
The sexual outlet hypothesis suggests that masturbation is not adaptive but is instead merely a by-product of selection for neuroendocrine mechanisms that lead to increased sexual arousal and performance in promiscuous groups [19].
The change in offspring size could then be a by-product of selection on other traits.
If our hypothesis is true, small genomes would be a by-product of selection for small cells.
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