The principal imports are fuels and petroleum products, electricity, machinery and transport equipment, food, and miscellaneous manufactured goods.
Gasification takes in trash and sludge and produces only two products: electricity and an inert slag that can be used to make tiles or bricks for construction use.
We talk about advanced fuel conversion technologies to use coal in an environmentally responsible way for multiple products: electricity, liquid fuels, chemicals, and potentially hydrogen.
The comprehensive thermal efficiency takes into account all products (electricity, heating and cooling energy) generated from the power plant-based tri-generation system.
Although 'polygeneration' has had many meanings, the chemical engineering community has overwhelmingly settled on a meaning which describes a process that co-produces at least two products: electricity, and at least one chemical or fuel via a thermochemical route that does not rely on petroleum.
In deregulated electricity markets, there are two main products: electricity; and capacity.
There are various energy conversion technologies (thermochemical, biochemical, and mechanical extraction) to produce useful products (electricity, heat, and transportation fuel).
Open image in new window Fig. 3 Pre-tax subsidies for energy (total for petroleum products, electricity, natural gas, and coal) for countries in MENA region, percent of GDP, 2011; figure derived from data in Clements et al. [1].
The FS-to-ethanol pathway (IV) also produces electricity as a co-product; electricity represents 9% of the total energy output of the ethanol plant.
The economic analysis revealed that the lowest enzyme loading had the most commercially viable scenario (MESP of $0.484/litre) even though it produced the least amount of bioethanol and generated the greatest level of co-product electricity.
