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We also observed that 31.3% of UPEC were extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers belonging to serotype O25, of which four were also positive for O25b subgroup that is linked to B2-O25b-ST131-CTX-M-15 B2-O25b-ST131-CTX-M-15 B2-O25b-ST131-CTX-M-15 B2-O25b-ST131-CTX-M-15 B2-O25b-ST131-CTX-M-15 B2-O25b-ST131-CTX-M-15
There have been no reports of A. baumannii co-producing NDM-1 and ArmA and belonging to international clone 2, although NDM-1 producers belonging to international clone2 were reported in East Africa in 2013 [ 48].
In the current study, the aacA29a| blaVIM-2| aacA29b gene cassette array (In 59-like) has been identified in 45 VIM-2 producers belonging to STs 111, 244, 253, 277, and 773.
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Overall, 10/22 (45%) of ESBL producers belonged to clonal complex ST131 that produced CTX-M-15 or CTX-M-14.
It is not surprising therefore that a lot of biosurfactant or bioemulsifier producers belong to these same genera.
The good EPS-LAB producers belonged mainly to the species W. confusa (12 strains), W. paramesenteroides (FS60 and FS45), and Ln.
A total of 37% of ESBL producers belonged to virulent extraintestinal groups B2 and D. Of these isolates, 41% expressed CTX-M-15 and 47% expressed CTX-M-32.
Most (46%) of the VIM producers belonged to the internationally-distributed clusters of ST111 and ST235, which carried previously-reported gene cassettes coding for the VIM-2 and VIM-4 enzymes, respectively.
In addition, the social network or community structure that producers belong to (i.e. what others within their peer group are doing; [ 14]) and the way they generally see the farming industry may also influence the undertaking of preventive measures [ 15- 18].
The spread of VIM-producers belonging to the most common international clones (ST111 and ST235), the spread of integrons of divergent structures, and the emergence of novel integrons underscore their ongoing evolution.
Overall, 16 (53%) of the ESBL-producers belonged to clonal complex ST131 that produced CTX-M-15 or CTX-M-14.
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