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They can counsel others to produce harm.
According to Mellema, individuals can induce or command others to produce harm.
The "change" here frequently amounts to either eradicating parts of the group in question or changing those aspects of the group that lead it to produce harm.
Results: Women were partially knowledgeable about the health risks of cigarette smoking, knew little about the harmful ingredients of argileh smoking, and had many misconceptions regarding how argileh worked or how it can produce harm.
Instead, we have to insist only that the collective, by virtue of its very nature as the particular kind of collective that it is, have led individual members to produce harm that they could not have produced themselves.
He argues that the latter, which he calls "metaphysical guilt", can be distributed to all members of a community who stand by while their fellows produce harm, e.g., murder Jews.
Similar(47)
That crisis communication programmes can produce harms of various forms has been demonstrated in a wide variety of literature.140 The possibility for such harms has arguably increased greatly in the social media age.
Thereafter the curve becomes relatively flat - meaning that more expenditure produces only small benefit - and at some point increased expenditure produces harm.
Indeed, it may be precisely because these groups are made up of individuals who become related to each other in the process of producing harm together (even though they were initially strangers) that they are now potentially appropriate sites of collective responsibility.
The idea, through a series of repeat encounters, is to show that playing nice always produces good outcomes, and not playing nice always produces harm to the non-cooperating party.
There's a wonderful quote from Adam Smith where he says that the Pennsylvania expedient worked precisely because of the moderation, and for want of that moderation, the same expedient in the other colonies produced harm rather than benefit.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com