The elevated calcium initiates sarcomere shortening, that is, excitation-contraction coupling, and produces downstream effects on gene regulation, that is, excitation-transcription coupling [ 2– 5].
a As reported in the literature; citations shown in parentheses To determine whether NO and cAMP effects on mRNA, as measured by microarray, produced downstream effects on secreted protein, TNFα, IL-8 and IL-1β were measured in supernatants collected from parallel cell cultures incubated for 24 h.
Relative to other Americans, for example, African-Americans are subjected to a higher intensity of acute poverty, which produces downstream societal effects that amplify male male competition, such that young African-American men experience more severe, repeated episodes of violence, as well as increased rates of homicide (Sampson and Wilson 1995; Geronimus et al. 1996; Ringel 1997).
It is possible that the benefits of the PD program produced no downstream effects and had little impact on K-12 students' learning experiences.
As previous studies demonstrated that COMT haplotype-dependent RNA abundance does not parallel protein expression or enzyme activity [27], [37], minor SNPs may produce effects downstream of RNA transcription.
This low threshold facilitates the discovery of signaling and regulatory genes which can produce a large downstream effect with a small change in expression.
The complex molecular architecture of each of the cannabinoid receptors allows for a single receptor to recognize multiple classes of compounds and produce an array of distinct downstream effects.
The siRNAs targeting Wee1 used in this study produced protein knock-down and downstream effects over a range of low nanomolar concentrations in all cell lines analyzed (data for Daoy cells shown in Additional file 3).
Firstly, we theorised that the function of a miRNA is more than the sum of its targets, and factored into our investigation the potential for miRNA target gene regulation to produce secondary effects downstream from the direct target, and that such effects constitute an important contribution to the biological function of the miRNA.
This perturbation produces direct causative (rather than correlative) downstream effects that can be captured through microarrays and quantitative methods.
Moreover, molecules produced by the testes clearly have important downstream effects on female reproductive biology in Teleogryllus.
