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These photobioreactors are used by cultivating algae in liquid nutrient media, and algae need excessive amounts of water to produce lipid; energy-intensive dewatering and biomass concentration processes are also required for the downstream processing of algae in biorefinery (Berner et al. 2015).
Another option can however be considered: processing the algae through dedicated thermochemical reactors into advanced biofuels, thus approaching the downstream processing of algae in a completely different way than separation.
Recycling of nutrients from HTL processing of algae has been suggested by many researchers around the world [ 21, 42– 42].
On the other hand, research and investment in algacultural pilot programs will lead to higher productivities and lower costs for the cultivation, harvesting, and processing of algae at industrial scales.
Similarly, although structural and functional innovations of the scarine pharyngeal jaw to allow the processing of algae and coral skeletons are thought to underlie the ecological radiation of this clade in reef and seagrass habitats [ 17, 23], the influence of this trait upon parrotfish diversification patterns has never been studied.
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This review considers the recent developments in which there has been a tremendous expansion of the research and development focused on process development for the thermochemical processing of whole algae for the production of fuels.
Figure 1 gives the architectural layout of the image processing method used in the identification and the classification of algae.
The processing routes herein described are very promising in order to design bioceramics of algae origin that might find useful applications as bone fillers and tissue engineering scaffolds.
The analyses of algae biorefinery performance are commonly based on fixed performance data for each processing step.
Slimes of algae bloom on irrigation ponds.
The stink of algae, of open drains.
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