Artificial neural networks with capacity of nonlinear, parallel and highly complex processing have been employed in many fields such as climate forecasting (Panagoulia 2006), agricultural land suitability assessment (Wang 1994), remote sensing (Morris et al. 2005) and land use change and urban growth modeling (Tayyebi et al. 2011; Pijanowski et al. 2002, 2009, 2014).
Array signal processing has been widely used in many fields as the main means of spatial domain processing.
Particle flows of high particle concentration are important in many fields, including chemical processing, pharmaceutical processing, energy conversion and powder transport.
The structural similarity (SSIM) index [30] is utilized as a representative quality measure in many fields of image processing.
Laser marking is an important branch of laser processing technology, and has been widely used in many fields of industry.
The high-pressure homogenizer (HPH) is, together with the rotor stator mixer (RSM), the standard equipment for emulsification in many fields of chemical processing.
Shift-invariance associated with good directional selectivity is important for the use of a wavelet transform (WT) in many fields of image processing.
The structural similarity (SSIM) index[52] is utilized as one of the most representative quality measures in many fields of image processing.
Blind identification (BI) of linear mixtures has recently attracted intensive research interest in many fields of signal processing including blind source separation (BSS).
Among all frames, equiangular unit norm tight frames (ETFs) have a special structure that makes them particularly important in many fields like signal processing [2, 3], quantum information theory [4, 5], and communications [6 9].
