PPR proteins constitute a large family, with more than 400 members in Arabidopsis, rice, maize, petunia, and Raphanus that are thought to be RNA binding proteins involved in posttranscriptional processes (RNA processing and translation) in mitochondria and chloroplasts [24].
Genetic variability at the level of gene transcription, mRNA processing and translation or post-translational modification as well as intracellular trafficking in the genetic components of the serotonergic system may generate gene products that may lead to structural and functional changes in brain circuits and provoke disease [22].
Spermine and spermidine have a vital role in a variety of intracellular processes including gene transcription, RNA processing and translation.
Gene ontology (GO) analysis of genes (n=432) and proteins (n=285) found to be differentially expressed (DE) identified biological processes driving proliferation including mRNA processing and translation.
Pentatricopeptide repeat genes form a large family and are implicated in post-transcriptional processes such as splicing, editing, processing and translation specifically in organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts [ 48].
In the first view, which abstracts the whole network, the clusters are labeled with broad biological processes such as DNA repair, rRNA processing and translation (Fig. 3A).
What may partially account for this is the fact that the former removed ribosomal proteins, as well as proteins involved in RNA processing and translation during the curation process, while the latter did not.
Combining these data with additional functional information allows us to interpret the consequences of RNA binding in diverse cellular processes, including alternative splicing, 3′ end processing, and translation (Darnell et al., 2011; Hafner et al., 2010; König et al., 2010, 2012; Licatalosi et al., 2008; Ule et al., 2003; Wang et al., 2012).
These examples illustrate the complexity of the regulation underlying VEGF-A pre-mRNA processing and translation and highlights how this process amplifies the escape routes available for cancer cells to adapt to an adverse environment.
By four hours post-treatment the list of GO biological processes clustered through DAVID analysis were predominately involved in mRNA transcription, processing and translation.
Importantly, the three classes of modules are each specialized for a specific process, high EV dynamic modules (S1.1) are those performing rRNA synthesis, processing and translation, low EV dynamic modules (S1.3) are those performing protesomal protein degradation, and static modules (S2) are those performing mRNA synthesis, splicing and transcriptional control.
