All processes are adapted and supplemented by just a single new process step.
Human reasoning processes are adapted to natural frequencies.
The cytoskeleton is reorganised, ion homeostasis is changed, metabolic processes are adapted, the cell cycle is stopped and massive changes in gene expression are induced [ 1, 22, 23].
The 'reference' processes were adapted to use straw as a feedstock using similar assumptions: The ethanol and carbon dioxide yield from hexose sugars was assumed to be the same as for the softwood enzymatic, or dilute acid, reference process.
Reference-case conversion processes were adapted from Aspen Plus™ models of a softwood, 25 odt.h-1 (approximately 55 M.l.y-1ethanol M.l.y-1ethanolacility, developed by the University of Lund and validated by laboratory scale experiments [ 17].
The reference processes were adapted to use straw as a feedstock using similar assumptions: the ethanol and CO2 yield from hexose sugars was assumed to be the same as for the respective softwood enzymatic, or dilute acid, reference process; the solid fuel yield and process heat requirement was unaffected; the flow of chemicals was unaffected [ 5].
The 'reference processes' were adapted to include pentose fermentation using the following assumptions: The ethanol and carbon dioxide yield from pentose sugars was assumed to be 50%, reflecting the fact that the recovery of pentoses after pre-treatment is lower than for hexoses [ 26].
To make a TiO2 ZrO2 coating on the composite, the dip coating process was adapted, using synthesized nano TiO2 ZrO2 composite powders.
The C-MEMS process was adapted for the fabrication of CMNsby patterning SU-8 microneedles (SMNs) via the direct laser writing technique41 and converting them to glassy CMN via pyrolysis.
The evaluation process was adapted, with the evaluator designing and conducting most of the evaluation but incorporating substantial input from the stakeholders throughout the process.
