However, due to the line-of-sight transfer of vapor flux during the PVD process, the PVD coatings usually suffer from many intrinsic defects, including columnar structures, pinholes, pores, cracks, and discontinuities, which can significantly affect their corrosion resistance, especially when the substrates are active alloys, such as steel, or exposed to a chloride ion environment [8].
The bottom-up methods usually suffer from complex processes, or expensive starting materials and severe synthetic conditions, which are unlikely to be extended significantly in the near future [23].
Graphite powder and carbon nanotubes have been used for the removal of organic dyes from aqueous wastewater; however these adsorbents usually suffer from difficulties in the separation and regeneration processes.
However, the immobilized NPs usually suffer from detachment or migration during the catalytic process owing to their weak interactions with the matrices.
Small FFTs usually suffer from non-negligible overhead toward main processing.
Silicon (Si) nanomaterials attract tremendous attentions when applied as anodes for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) owing to their high capacity, however, they usually suffer from low electronic conductivity and large volume expansion during the charge/discharge processes, resulting in the poor cycling stabilities.
Tin-based metal oxides usually suffer from severe capacity fading resulting from aggregation and considerable volume variation during the charge/discharge process in lithium ion batteries.
MnO2-based nanomaterials as the supercapacitor electrodes usually suffer from the poor electrical conductivity and electrochemical stability due to large volume expansion during the charge/discharge processes.
Australia usually suffer the severest hidings.
When governments cut back, the poor usually suffer.
