In chemical industry, especially in the case of continuous processes, operator training simulators (OTS) are becoming widely used.
Dynamic characteristics such as stochastic processes, operator response times, inspection and testing time intervals, ageing of equipment/components, season changes, sequential dependencies of equipment/components and timing of safety system operation also have great influence on the dynamic processes.
The DBEs could evolve to a "digital savannah", where a diversity of services, applications, business processes, operators, users, enterprises, stakeholders, and other entities will "artificially live", compete, collaborate, exchange information, "die", and evolve together.
Based on structured mathematical models of the unit operations of a bioprocess an OTS can train a process operator by visualising changing conditions during the process, allow testing operator actions, testing controller settings, experience unexpected technical problems and getting practice in using prescribed standard procedures for a plant.
"I'm upset, because it's my livelihood and because it's a responsible company," said Pete Gallagher, a senior chemical process operator and 27-year Nepera employee.
His father works in Linden, N.J., at a refinery owned by Conoco Phillips; he is a process operator who monitors the removal of sulfur from diesel fuel.
Standing sentry outside the factory was Mark Armitage, a 45-year-old process operator and GMB steward, who angrily recalled how his pension contributions went up from 5% to 7%, supposedly to keep the final-salary scheme open.
Dryden, 59, said: "I had a wonderful job as a chemical process operator at Johnson Matthey that fulfilled my financial, social and educational needs and development … [but] I had become sensitised to materials that I had to work with.
Ms. Bray now works as a process operator, combining her machinist background with new skills she has been trained on since working at Siemens: laser training, robotics training, penetrant inspection training, and product orientation.
"Being an actor," she said, "you have those dreams of, you know, 'TV and film will eventually pick up and it will all balance out.' " Ms. Ruff did not come from an acting family; neither her father, a retired process operator at an oil refinery, nor her mother, a social worker, knew much about the professional performer's life.
The total pressure is set by the process operator.
