Possible intracellular processes include activation of protein kinase C, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and the subsequent upregulation of MCP-1 [ 12, 23, 24].
These inflammatory processes include activation of microglia and subsequent neuroinflammatory processes (Gonzalez-Scarano and Baltuch, 1999).
As described earlier, these processes include activation of adrenal, gonadal, and growth hormone systems, and in addition a variety of direct and indirect effects, from growth spurts to changing self-image.
T cell-mediated processes including activation and homing are accompanied by changes in cell surface N-glycosylation which result in an N-glycan signature [9].
Proteasome-specific degradation of cellular proteins is an important mechanism for regulation of numerous cellular processes, including activation and inhibition of specifically regulated transcription and signal transduction, apoptosis, and the cell cycle [52].
The UPS is implicated in numerous cellular processes including activation of transcription factors such as NF- kB.
Although formally tumour budding has not been equated with EMT, several parallels between the two processes, including activation in WNT signalling, can be drawn (Muto et al, 2006).
The B. subtilis DegS/DegU two component system is involved in the regulation of post-exponential phase processes, including activation of genetic competence, motility, poly-γ-glutamic acid production and biofilm formation [ 97, 98].
Among genes belonging to the module, a gene ontology analysis revealed numerous over-represented biological processes, including activation of immune response, positive regulation of B cell mediated immunity, phagocytosis, inflammatory response and neutrophil chemotaxis (P < 0.01).
BRCA proteins play important roles in different cellular processes, including activation and transcriptional regulation, repair of DNA damage, beyond the control of cell cycle, cellular proliferation, and differentiation [ 69, 70].
Other signatures were attributed to endogenous processes, including activation of APOBEC genes, mismatch repair deficiency, mutations in the POLE gene, and mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 breast cancer genes.
