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Methodologically, several approaches have been developed by evolutionary biologists to empirically test the causal contributions of these two processes (for details, see Orr 1998).
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where z t is a kind of levy process ( for details, see [10, 11]).
In this setting, the true gene trees were generated from the true model tree by a coalescent process (for details of the coalescent model used here, see Ewing et al. [ 67]).
2002a); and two parameters related to energy allocation between growth and reproduction after maturation, that is the proportion α of energy devoted to somatic growth in the first adult year and the annual ratio χ at which this proportion decreases throughout adult life (Table 1; see section Life-history processes for more details).
However, the novelty of the S τ-DPP algorithm is that it takes into account also the size of compartments and molecules involved in the system, in order to describe the effect of crowding on the rate of cellular processes (for more details see [ 12]).
The assessment is carried out through detailed modeling of the solar to electricity conversion processes accounting for detail optical, thermal and power block models.
You can expand out your processes for more detail.
It is demonstrated that {X t), t ≥ 0} is a finite-state absorbing continuous-time Markov process (for more details, see Kulkarni and Adlakha (1986)).
This weight resulted in the best model fit at the end of an iterative statistical validation process (see below for details of the statistical validation).
It turned out that the best results were achieved when the colloquial forms are employed in the acoustic modeling stage only and the standardized forms are used as the "surface" forms in the lexicon of the decoder and in the language model estimation process (see [17] for details).
For each set of equations in our ODE model we derived a Master Equation that defines the transition kernel of a continuous time state-discrete Markov Process (see Methods for details).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com