The skewed degree distributions of bipartite mutualistic and antagonistic networks are usually assumed to show that ecological or co-evolutionary processes constrain the relative numbers of specialists and generalists in the network.
Several recent high profile studies have examined the processes constraining the metastatic growth of tumor cells in fruit fly models.
Ironically, given the high value of information obtained by sequencing, regulatory processes constraining the movement of genomic DNA samples of threatened species— put in place to protect those species— may actually end up slowing conservation efforts.
This process constrains the relative magnitude of the pore-fluid pressure, because the Coulomb failure criterion is represented by a straight line with a fixed slope (friction coefficient) passing through the point designated by the focal mechanism solution in the Mohr diagram, and the intercept of the line at the horizontal axis yields the (relative) pore-fluid pressure that triggers the event.
In contrast to the requirements of digitizing electrophysiological measurements, where slower sampling at resolutions of more than eight bits is desirable, the physics of imaging fast processes typically constrains the amount of information in any given sample to far fewer than the eight bits available.
For most models, there is an infinite set of possible reaction processes (constrained by the observation data) that can occur between two time points, and the probabilities of different reaction paths depend upon the rate parameter values.
A two-step shape memory process that minimizes the bending of and strain on the catheter is designed for catheter deformation for non-slip or pseudo-slip contact, and a progressive group linkage bending process that constrains the catheter curvature and position within the volume enclosure is designed for catheter deformation for slip contact.
Accordingly, attention-based models of WM regard selective attention as the capacity-limited process that constrains the capacity of visual WM (Cowan, 2001; Rensink, 2002; Wheeler & Treisman, 2002).
The LAVA animations capture the generic features of regulatory systems: probabilistic processes constrained by deterministic regulatory interactions.
The present study revealed how decisions of whether or not to be tested for HIV are embedded in social and interpersonal processes constraining people's choices.
