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It was reported that miRNAs regulate at least 10% of Caenorhabditis elegans genes through conserved interactions and a number of nematode miRNAs regulate biological processes by targeting functionally related genes [6].
MiRNA studies in Caenorhabditis elegans have demonstrated that one or several miRNAs can regulate biological processes by targeting specific genes in the same pathway [He et al., 2007].
MicroRNAs that exhibited altered expression in the kidney tissue of stroked rats are known to regulate a variety of cellular processes by targeting important proteins.
MiR-100 and miR-99a have critical roles in altering cellular processes by targeting both the FKBP51 and IGF1R/mTOR signalling pathways in vitro and might represent a potential novel strategy for ALL treatment.
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A similar study demonstrated that miR-27, which is increased during osteoblast differentiation, positively regulates this process by targeting adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) [ 73].
Despite that autophagosomal-lysosomal fusion is poorly understood, many popular autophagy modulators, e.g., bafilomycin and hydroxychloroquine, actually inhibit this process by targeting lysosomal activity.
As DNA damage/repair response has been implicated in the pathogenesis of vascular remodeling [ 43, 44], future work is warranted to determine whether miR-223 may also participate in this process by targeting PARP-1.
In breast cancer, these miRNAs are known to regulate the EMT process by targeting the ZEB family of the transcription factors through an active negative feedback loop [ 48, 49].
Therefore, there is a huge demand for the development of disease-modifying drugs for AD that could attenuate or even reverse the neurodegenerative process by targeting a major hallmark of the disease, such as neurofibrillary degeneration.
We observed that several K562-specific miRNAs such as miR-10a, miR-144 and miR-411 participate in this process by targeting actins, myosins and EPB41 encoding erythrocyte membrane protein band 4.1.
However, a single miRNA is likely to regulate a biological process by targeting more than one involved gene, and co-expressed clusters of miRNAs have been reported to cooperatively control the members of the same biochemical pathway or even of the same protein complex [ 37].
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