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To minimize process perturbation by identification experiments, the model for controller design was derived from a rigorous LNG simulator.
Once they are clearly identified, microbial process indicator taxa or genospecies, e.g., for acidification or ammonia toxicity, can be ideal tools for early warning of process perturbation.
As outlined below in the 'Process engineering' section, early warning of process perturbation is of major importance for economic and ecologically sustained operation of a biogas plant.
Since these syntrophic associations between methanogenic Archaea and certain bacteria are thriving at the limit of possible energy gain [29], process perturbation will typically affect these first, resulting in process acidification due to accumulation of products from upstream primary fermenting microorganisms.
While the use of richness and diversity parameters has still to be carefully considered, a decrease of evenness in structure of microbial diversity has been shown to be a good candidate warning indicator of process perturbation [ 43, 44].
While recent studies have brought more evidence about the changes in microbial communities during the process perturbation related to VFAs accumulation [ 9, 13, 18, 19], little is known about the individual sensitivity of the reactors and the capability of the process to recover when the pH is brought back to neutrality.
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It is therefore of uppermost importance to avoid process perturbations by providing optimum conditions for the biocenosis.
Particularly, the thermosyphon works as a robust and versatile cooling system, removing process perturbations efficiently.
The resulting optimal design minimizes off-specification product during grade transition and guarantees feasible operation in the full range of the considered uncertain parameters and process perturbations.
Besides, the particularly difficult control problem of a grade transition in a polymerization reactor should be able to cope with process perturbations and uncertainty in the operating conditions and model parameters.
Since pathways are essentially integrated circuits that actualize specified biological processes, perturbation of pathways may be harmful to regular biological systems.
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