However, such integration has remained a challenging task due to the temporal changes of environmental processes and the static nature of GIS.
GIS modeling of environment is a complex process of collecting, processing, organization, storage and access on huge amount of data which represents certain part of reality (space).
Manual updating of GIS database is costly, time-consuming process, and also there is a possibility of error in manual updating of road network [2-4].
This tool provided transparency in the process, and moved spatial analysis away from the domain of GIS experts to a broader group of stakeholders.
Since the 1997 reform, there has been a process of transition from the old GIS-LIS system to the new BHIS, although both systems still operate in parallel.
Expert weighting of criteria about the location of an energy-efficient residential development in combination with the use of GIS and multicriteria analysis were useful for supporting the complex planning process.
Fourthly, the geographic information system (GIS), which is an information system that processes geographic data, plays also important role in deploying LBSs since many features of GIS should be used to enhance service quality of current LBSs or develop more advanced LBSs [33].
Furthermore, decision support systems and tools rather often with the support of GIS systems—have been defined and designed to mobilize stakeholders in their decision processes.
Whilst not offering a total causal analysis of the failure of GIS implementation at NOWAY, this paper outlines the core factors that affected their GIS implementation process.
Severity of GIS was classified as low, moderate, and high based on the incidence of GIS reported (1 GIS, 2 3 GIS, and ≥4 GIS; respectively).
