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This final element is an important part of the iterative process of "bootstrapping" (Gee, 2002), which is thought to be an important mechanism through which students gradually enter the scientific community.
As part of their model of early RNA replication by oligonucleotide ligation, Manrubia and colleagues propose that an increase in the catalytic rate of the replicase/ligase would have occurred with an increase in sequence length through a process of bootstrapping [ 68, 69].
13 This can be achieved either through more patient data being collected or the process of bootstrapping, the former providing more data and the latter generating simulated data sets from the initial set of observations.
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A natural characteristic of bootstrapping processes, efficiency distribution scores became "smoother" than the original values, as shown in Figure A1 (see Additional file 1).
To obtain the ranking of genes based on their usefulness in the diagnostic context, we performed subsequent repetitive gene selection process by bootstrapping of the whole dataset.
To evaluate the impact of a given variable on the frailty index, we used an iterative, re-sampling process, similar to "bootstrapping" as detailed elsewhere [ 19, 23].
To account for the quantification uncertainty from the stochastic sampling process of metagenomic sequencing, bootstrapping is used to estimate confidence intervals of relative abundances of identified genomes.
The process was bootstrapped 1000 times to give a directly comparable average number of mutations for each promoter.
Each step in the process was bootstrapped 5000 times [43].
Phylogenetic analysis was performed by using the maximum-likelihood approach incorporating the GTR+Γ4 model of nucleotide substitution with a bootstrap resampling process of 1,000 replications.
To compare expression levels between a given experimental group (housekeeping, low or high-RIF) and all other genes, a bootstrap-like process of data randomization was performed.
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