Pathology can be defined by its location, structural change, and how this disturbs physiological processes; dysfunction, by contrast, is the result of the interplay of different structures in various locations.
Current understanding places dysregulated systemic inflammation with persistent elevation of circulating inflammatory and hemostasis markers over time as the central pathogenetic process for dysfunction and failure of vital organs, the leading cause of (short- and long-term) morbidity and mortality in patients with ARDS [79].
Critical to the atherosclerotic process is dysfunction of the RCT mechanism which clears excess cholesterol from the artery.
Aging is an inevitable and progressive biological process involving dysfunction and eventually destruction of every tissue and organ.
According to the mitochondrial theory of aging, mitochondria are among the key players contributing to the aging process, whose dysfunction is linked with aging [ 47] and age-related diseases [ 48, 49].
Retinal changes in DKO rd8 mice are indicative of a chronic inflammatory process, immune dysfunction and activation of innate immunity (Ross et al., 2008; Chu et al., 2012; Tuo et al., 2012b; Ramkumar et al., 2013).
Although the exact process of dysfunction is unclear, a combination of a low threshold for 'fear stimuli' stimulating recall coupled with an over-reactive emotional 'fight-or-flight' response to them is likely to be involved.
Long-term application of excessive fructose leads to glycoxidation, generation of ROS and RCS, and accumulation of damaged cellular constituents which is suggested to accompany the aging process, cellular dysfunction.
Thrombosis on top of an atheromatus unstable plaque is now accepted as the most common mechanism underlying acute ischemic syndromes (ACS), and in that process platelet dysfunction plays a central pivotal role through interaction with the vessel wall.
BH-3-only proteins function as activators or sensitizers of apoptosis and monitor important cell processes for dysfunction.
